Zamkati
- Ukwati ndi chiyani?
- Banja lakhalapo liti?
- Mitundu yaukwati - kuyambira pamenepo mpaka pano
- Monogamy - mwamuna m'modzi, mkazi m'modzi
- Mitala, Mitala, ndi Mitala
- Maukwati okonzedwa
- Ukwati wamba
- Sinthanitsani maukwati
- Kukwatiwa ndi chikondi
- Maukwati amitundu
- Maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
- Anthu adayamba liti kukwatira?
- Kodi chipembedzo ndi tchalitchi zinalowa liti muukwati?
- Kodi chikondi chimagwira ntchito yanji m'mabanja?
- Ndi liti pamene chikondi chinakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri muukwati?
- Malingaliro pa chisudzulo ndi kukhalira pamodzi
- Nthawi zazikulu ndi maphunziro kuchokera m'mbiri yaukwati
- Ufulu wakusankha ndizofunika
- Tanthauzo la banja limasinthasintha
- Udindo wamwamuna ndi wamkazi motsutsana ndi umunthu ndi kuthekera
- Mfundo yofunika
Mbiri yaukwati mu Chikhristu, monga amakhulupirira, idachokera kwa Adamu ndi Hava. Kuyambira paukwati woyamba wa awiriwa m'munda wa Edeni, ukwati watanthauza zinthu zosiyanasiyana kwa anthu osiyanasiyana mibadwo yonse. Mbiri yaukwati ndi momwe ikuwonekera masiku ano yasinthanso kwambiri.
Maukwati amapezeka pafupifupi pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. Popita nthawi, ukwati watenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo mbiri yaukwati yasintha. Kusintha kwakusintha kwamalingaliro ndi kusintha kwamalingaliro ndi kumvetsetsa kwaukwati pazaka zambiri, monga mitala kwa amuna okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zakhala zikuchitika kwakanthawi.
Ukwati ndi chiyani?
Tanthauzo laukwati limalongosola lingaliro ngati mgwirizano wovomerezeka pakati pa anthu awiri. Anthu awiriwa, ndiukwati, amakhala zitsanzo m'miyoyo yawo. Ukwati umatchedwanso ukwati, kapena ukwati. Komabe, izi sizinali momwe ukwati unalili m'miyambo ndi zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira nthawi zonse.
Matrimony etymology imachokera ku Old French matrimoine, "ukwati wokwatirana" komanso kuchokera ku liwu lachilatini mātrimōnium "ukwati, ukwati" (mochuluka "akazi"), ndi mātrem (nominative māter) "mayi". Tanthauzo laukwati monga tafotokozera pamwambapa likhoza kukhala lakutanthauzira kwamakono, laukwati, losiyana kwambiri ndi mbiri yaukwati.
Ukwati, kwanthawi yayitali kwambiri, sunali wokhudza mgwirizano. M'mibadwo yakale yambiri yaukwati, cholinga choyambirira chaukwati chinali kumangiriza akazi kwa amuna, omwe amabereka ana ovomerezeka kwa amuna awo.
M'madera amenewo, amuna anali ndi chizolowezi chokwaniritsa zilakolako zawo zogonana ndi munthu wina yemwe sanakwatirane naye, kukwatira akazi angapo, ndipo ngakhale kusiya akazi awo ngati sangabereke ana.
Banja lakhalapo liti?
Anthu ambiri amadabwa kuti ukwati unayamba liti ndipo unayamba bwanji ndipo ndi ndani amene anayambitsa ukwati. Ndi liti pamene munthu adayamba kuganiza kuti kukwatiwa ndi munthu, kukhala nawo ana, kapena kukhala moyo wawo limodzi ingakhale lingaliro?
Ngakhale kuti chiyambi chaukwati sichingakhale ndi tsiku lokhazikika, malinga ndi deta, zolemba zoyambirira zaukwati zikuchokera mu 1250-1300 CE. Zambiri zikuwonetsa kuti mbiri yaukwati ikhoza kukhala yakale kuposa zaka 4300. Amakhulupirira kuti ukwati udalipo ngakhale nthawi iyi isanafike.
Maukwati amachitika ngati mgwirizano pakati pa mabanja, pakupeza chuma, kuberekana, komanso zochitika zandale. Komabe, popita nthawi, lingaliro laukwati lidasintha, koma zifukwa zake zidasinthanso. Tawonani mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana aukwati ndi momwe asinthira.
Mitundu yaukwati - kuyambira pamenepo mpaka pano
Ukwati monga lingaliro wasintha pakapita nthawi. Pali maukwati osiyanasiyana, kutengera nthawi ndi dera. Werengani zambiri za mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaukwati yomwe yakhalapo kuti mudziwe momwe banja lasinthira kwazaka zambiri.
Kumvetsetsa mitundu ya maukwati yomwe yakhalapo m'mbiri yaukwati kumatithandiza kudziwa miyambo yaukwati 'magwero momwe timadziwira tsopano.
Mwamuna m'modzi wokwatiwa ndi mkazi m'modzi ndi momwe zonse zinayambira kumundako, koma mwachangu kwambiri, lingaliro lamwamuna m'modzi ndi akazi angapo lidayamba. Malinga ndi katswiri wazokwatirana Stephanie Coontz, kukhala ndi mkazi m'modzi kwakhala chitsogozo cha maukwati aku azungu pazaka zina zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zisanu ndi zinayi.
Ngakhale maukwati amadziwika kuti ndi okwatirana okhaokha, izi sizinatanthauze kuti kukhulupirika mpaka amuna azaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi (koma osati akazi) nthawi zambiri amapatsidwa ulemu pokhudzana ndi maukwati ena. Komabe, ana aliwonse obadwa kunja kwaukwati amawerengedwa kuti ndi apathengo.
Malinga ndi mbiri yaukwati, makamaka inali mitundu itatu. M'mbiri yonse, mitala yakhala ikuchitika kawirikawiri, ndi amuna otchuka monga King David ndi King Solomon anali ndi akazi mazana ngakhale zikwi.
Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu apezanso kuti m'miyambo ina, zimachitika mosiyana, mayi mmodzi amakhala ndi amuna awiri. Izi zimatchedwa polyandry. Pali nthawi zina pomwe maukwati am'magulu amaphatikiza amuna ndi akazi angapo, omwe amatchedwa polyamory.
Maukwati omwe adakonzedweratu alipobe m'miyambo ndi zipembedzo zina, ndipo mbiri yakukwati wokonzedweratu idayambanso masiku oyambirira pomwe ukwati udalandiridwa ngati lingaliro lachilengedwe chonse. Kuyambira nthawi zakale, mabanja adakonza maukwati a ana awo pazifukwa zomveka zolimbitsa mgwirizano kapena kupanga mgwirizano wamtendere.
Awiriwo omwe amakhala nawo nthawi zambiri samakhala ndi gawo pankhaniyi ndipo, nthawi zina, samakumana ngakhale asanakwatirane. Zinalinso zachilendo kuti msuwani woyamba kapena wachiwiri akwatiwe. Mwanjira imeneyi, chuma chamabanja chimakhala chokhazikika.
Ukwati wovomerezeka ndi womwe ukwati umachitika popanda mwambo waboma kapena wachipembedzo. Maukwati amtundu wamba anali ofala ku England mpaka pomwe a Lord Hardwicke adachita 1753. Pansi paukwatiwu, anthu adavomereza kuti azikwatirana, makamaka chifukwa chachuma komanso zovuta zamalamulo.
M'mbiri yakale yaukwati, maukwati osinthana amachitika muzikhalidwe ndi malo ena. Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, inali yokhudza kusinthana akazi kapena okwatirana pakati pa magulu awiri a anthu.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati mkazi wa gulu A adakwatiwa ndi mwamuna wa gulu B, mkazi wa gulu B amatha kukwatiwa m'banja la gulu A.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, komabe (kuyambira zaka mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu zapitazo), achinyamata akhala akusankha kupeza okwatirana nawo potengera kukondana ndi kukondana. Kukopa kumeneku kwakhala kofunikira makamaka mzaka zapitazi.
Zitha kukhala zosaganizirika kukwatiwa ndi munthu yemwe simumumverera ndipo simunadziwe kwakanthawi.
Ukwati pakati pa anthu awiri ochokera ku zikhalidwe kapena mafuko osiyanasiyana kwakhala vuto lalikulu.
Tikawona mbiri ya maukwati ku US, zidangokhala mu 1967 pomwe Khothi Lalikulu ku US lidakhazikitsa malamulo amitengo yamitundumitundu pambuyo pa kulimbana kwanthawi yayitali, pomaliza ndikuti 'ufulu wokwatirana ndi wa anthu onse aku America.'
Kulimbana kololeza maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali kofananako, ngakhale kunali kosiyana mwanjira zina, ndi kulimbana komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa kuti maukwati amitundu ina akhale ovomerezeka. M'malo mwake, ndikusintha kwa lingaliro laukwati, zikuwoneka ngati chinthu chotsatira chovomerezeka kuvomereza maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, malinga ndi a Stephanie Coontz.
Tsopano kumvetsetsa kwakukulu ndikuti banja limakhazikika pa chikondi, kukondana, komanso kufanana.
Anthu adayamba liti kukwatira?
Monga tanenera kale, mbiri yoyamba yaukwati ndi yazaka pafupifupi 4300 zapitazo. Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti mwina anthu anali atakwatirana kale.
Malinga ndi a Coontz, wolemba ukwati, Mbiri: Momwe Chikondi Chinagonjetsera Ukwati, kuyambika kwaukwati kunali kokhudza mgwirizano wamabanja. "Munakhazikitsa maubale amtendere komanso ogwirizana, maubwenzi amalonda, maudindo ena mwa kukwatirana nawo."
Lingaliro lololeza linakwatirana ndi lingaliro laukwati, momwe m'miyambo ina, kuvomereza kwa banjali kunakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'banja. Ngakhale asanakhalepo mabanja, onse okwatirana amayenera kuvomereza. 'Chiyambi chaukwati' monga tikudziwira lero chidayamba kukhalako pambuyo pake.
Zinali pamene chipembedzo, boma, malumbiro aukwati, chisudzulo, ndi malingaliro ena zidakhala gawo laling'ono laukwati. Malinga ndi chikhulupiliro chachikatolika chokwatirana, ukwati tsopano unkayesedwa wopatulika. Chipembedzo ndi tchalitchichi zidayamba kugwira ntchito yofunikira kuti anthu akwatirane ndikufotokozera malamulo ake.
Kodi chipembedzo ndi tchalitchi zinalowa liti muukwati?
Ukwati udakhala lingaliro laboma kapena lachipembedzo pomwe njira 'yabwinobwino yochitira' ndi zomwe banja lililonse lingatanthauze. 'Zachilendo' izi zidanenedwa ndikuphatikizika kwa tchalitchi ndi malamulo. Maukwati samachitika nthawi zonse pagulu, ndi wansembe, pamaso pa mboni.
Ndiye funso likubwera, ndi liti pamene mpingo unayamba kutenga nawo mbali muukwati? Kodi chipembedzo chidayamba liti kukhala chinthu chofunikira posankha omwe timakwatirana nawo ndi miyambo yomwe imachitika muukwati? Sizinachitike atangophunzira za etymology kuti ukwati udakhala gawo la tchalitchi.
Munali m'zaka za zana lachisanu pomwe tchalitchi chidakweza ukwati kukhala mgwirizano wopatulika. Malinga ndi malamulo aukwati mu baibulo, ukwati umawerengedwa kuti ndi wopatulika ndipo umatengedwa ngati ukwati wopatulika. Ukwati Chikristu chisanachitike kapena mpingo usanachitike chinali chosiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.
Mwachitsanzo, ku Roma, ukwati unali wachitetezo chaboma motsogozedwa ndi malamulo achifumu. Funso likubwera kuti ngakhale linali loyendetsedwa ndi lamulo tsopano, ndi liti pamene ukwati unasoweka ngati ubatizo ndi ena? M'zaka zapakati, maukwati adalengezedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwamasakramenti asanu ndi awiri.
M'zaka za zana la 16, ukwati wamakono unayamba. Yankho la "Ndani angakwatire anthu?" zidasinthidwanso ndikusintha mzaka zonsezi, ndipo mphamvu yakutchulira wokwatirana idaperekedwa kwa anthu osiyanasiyana.
Kodi chikondi chimagwira ntchito yanji m'mabanja?
Kalelo pamene maukwati adayamba kukhala lingaliro, chikondi sichinachite nawo kanthu. Maukwati, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, anali mgwirizano kapena njira zopititsira patsogolo magazi. Komabe, popita nthawi, chikondi chidayamba kukhala chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zakukwatira monga momwe timadziwira zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pake.
M'malo mwake, m'mitundu ina, anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amawonedwa ngati njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira chibwenzi, pomwe ena amatenga chinthu chofunikira monga maukwati pamaganizidwe ofooka amawonedwa ngati opanda nzeru komanso opusa.
Momwe mbiri yaukwati idasinthira pakapita nthawi, ngakhale ana kapena kubereka zidasiya kukhala chifukwa chachikulu chomwe anthu amakwatirana.Anthu atakhala ndi ana ochulukirachulukira, adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zakulera zosavomerezeka. Musanakwatirane zimatanthauza kuti mutha kugonana, choncho, khalani ndi ana.
Komabe, makamaka mzaka mazana angapo zapitazi, malingaliro awa asintha. M'miyambo yambiri tsopano, ukwati umakhudza chikondi - ndipo kusankha kukhala ndi ana kumakhalabe kwa awiriwo.
Ndi liti pamene chikondi chinakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri muukwati?
Pambuyo pake, m'zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18, pamene kulingalira mwanzeru kunafala, m'pamene anthu anayamba kuona chikondi kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'maukwati. Izi zidapangitsa kuti anthu asiye mabanja osasangalala kapena maukwati ndikusankha anthu omwe amakonda kukwatirana nawo.
Izi zidalinso pomwe lingaliro lakusudzulana lidakhala chinthu pagulu. Industrial Revolution idatsata izi, ndipo lingaliroli lidathandizidwa ndi kudziyimira pawokha kwachuma kwa anyamata ambiri, omwe tsopano akanatha kukhala ndi ukwati, ndi banja lawo, popanda chilolezo cha makolo awo.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za nthawi yomwe chikondi chidakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'maukwati, onerani kanemayu.
Malingaliro pa chisudzulo ndi kukhalira pamodzi
Kusudzulana nthawi zonse kumakhala nkhani yovuta. M'zaka zana ndi makumi angapo zapitazi, kupeza chisudzulo kungakhale kovuta ndipo nthawi zambiri kumadzetsa manyazi pakati pa osudzulidwayo. Kusudzulana kwafala kwambiri. Ziwerengero zikuwonetsa kuti ndi kuchuluka kwa mabanja osudzulana, pali kuwonjezeka kofananira kwa mabanja.
Anthu ambiri amasankha kukhala limodzi asanakwatirane kapena asanakwatirane mtsogolo. Kukhala pamodzi osakwatirana movomerezeka kumapewa chiopsezo chotha kusudzulana.
Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mabanja omwe akukhalira limodzi lero kuli pafupifupi kuwirikiza ka 15 kuposa momwe analiri mu 1960, ndipo pafupifupi theka la mabanjawa ali ndi ana limodzi.
Nthawi zazikulu ndi maphunziro kuchokera m'mbiri yaukwati
Kulemba ndikuwona zonse zomwe zasintha ndikusintha kwa malingaliro ndi machitidwe aukwati ndizabwino komanso zosangalatsa. Pali zinthu zingapo zomwe tingaphunzire kuchokera ku mphindi zofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri yaukwati.
Masiku ano, amuna ndi akazi ali ndi ufulu wosankha kuposa momwe analiri zaka 50 zapitazo. Zosankhazi zikuphatikiza omwe akwatira kapena kukwatiwa kapena banja lomwe akufuna kukhala nalo ndipo nthawi zambiri limakhazikitsidwa potengera kukondana komanso kucheza m'malo motengera zomwe amuna kapena akazi amachita.
Tanthauzo la banja lasintha m'malingaliro a anthu ambiri mpaka momwe ukwati suli njira yokhayo yopangira banja. Mapangidwe osiyanasiyana tsopano akuwoneka ngati banja, kuyambira makolo osakwatira mpaka mabanja osakwatirana omwe ali ndi ana, kapena maanja ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe akulera mwana.
Pomwe m'mbuyomu, panali maudindo omveka bwino a amuna ndi akazi ngati amuna ndi akazi, tsopano maudindo oterewa akusoweka pomwe nthawi ikupita m'miyambo ndi madera ambiri.
Kuyanjana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kuntchito komanso m'maphunziro ndi nkhondo yomwe yakhala ikuchitika kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi mpaka pomwe kufikako kwayandikira. Masiku ano, maudindo amunthu payekha makamaka amatengera umunthu ndi kuthekera kwa aliyense payekha, popeza limodzi amafunafuna maziko onse.
- Zifukwa zokwatirana ndizazokha
Titha kuphunzira kuchokera m'mbiri yaukwati kuti ndikofunikira kuti mumveke bwino pazifukwa zanu zokwatirana. M'mbuyomu, zifukwa zokwatirana zimachokera pakupanga mgwirizano wamabanja mpaka kukulitsa anthu ogwira ntchito pabanja, kuteteza magazi, ndikupititsa patsogolo mitunduyo.
Onse awiri amafunafuna zolinga ndi zoyembekezereka potengera chikondi, kukondana, komanso mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ofanana.
Mfundo yofunika
Monga yankho loyambirira la funso "Kodi ukwati ndi chiyani?" zasintha, chomwechonso mtundu wa anthu, anthu, ndi chikhalidwe. Ukwati, lero, ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi kale, ndipo makamaka chifukwa cha momwe dziko lidasinthira.
Lingaliro laukwati, chifukwa chake, limayenera kusintha nawonso, makamaka kuti likhale lofunikira. Pali zomwe tingaphunzire kuchokera m'mbiri yonse, zomwe zimagwiranso maukwati, ndi zifukwa zomwe lingaliroli silikusoweka ngakhale m'dziko lamasiku ano.