Zamkati
- Malamulo aukwati ndi mbiri ya chiphaso chaukwati
- Mapangano okwatirana koyambirira
- Kufika kwa Kufalitsa kwa Mabanns
- Nkhope ya tsankho ku South South
- Kukwera kwa Ulamuliro Woyendetsa Boma
- Maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
- Mawu onena za kuwukira kwa layisensi
Ngakhale amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano, chilolezo chokwatirana chakale sichinali nthawi zonse kumtengowo pamitundu yachitukuko.
Pali mafunso ambiri omwe munthu amadabwa nawo za chiyambi chololeza ukwati.
Mbiri ya layisensi yaukwati ndi yotani? Kodi chilolezo chokwatirana chidapangidwa liti? Kodi ziphaso zaukwati zidaperekedwa liti koyamba? Kodi cholinga chololeza ukwati ndi chiyani? Chifukwa chiyani ziphaso zaukwati zikufunika? Kodi mayiko adayamba liti kupereka ziphaso zaukwati? Ndipo ndani amapereka malayisensi okwatirana?
Kwenikweni, mbiri yakulembetsa ukwati ku America ndi yotani? Ndife okondwa kuti mwafunsa.
Onaninso: Momwe mungapezere chiphaso chaukwati
Malamulo aukwati ndi mbiri ya chiphaso chaukwati
Chilolezo chokwatirana sichinadziwike asanafike Middle Ages. Koma chilolezo chokwatirana koyamba chidaperekedwa liti?
M'malo omwe tingawatche kuti England, chilolezo chokwatirana koyamba chidayambitsidwa ndi tchalitchi pofika 1100 C.E. England, wolimbikitsa kwambiri kukonza zidziwitso zomwe zatulutsidwa ndikupereka chilolezo chokwatirana, adatumiza izi kumadera akumadzulo pofika 1600 C.E.
Lingaliro la Chilolezo chokwatirana chidakhazikika ku America nthawi yamakoloni. Lero, njira yolembera fomu yolembetsa ukwati imavomerezedwa padziko lonse lapansi.
M'madera ena, makamaka ku United States, maukwati ovomerezeka ndi boma akupitilizabe kuyang'anitsitsa mdera lomwe amakhulupirira kuti mpingo uyenera kukhala woyamba kunena zokha pankhaniyi.
Mapangano okwatirana koyambirira
M'masiku oyambilira operekera chilolezo chokwatirana, ziphaso zakale zaukwati zimayimira mtundu wina wamabizinesi.
Pomwe maukwati anali ntchito zachinsinsi pakati pa mabanja awiri, ziphatsozo zimawoneka ngati zamgwirizano.
M'dziko lokonda zamalonda, mkwatibwi mwina samadziwa nkomwe kuti "mgwirizano" umatsogolera kusinthana kwa katundu, ntchito, ndi kusungitsa ndalama pakati pa mabanja awiri.
Zowonadi, kutha kwa mgwirizano waukwati sikunangowonetsetsa kuti kubereka kubereka, komanso mgwirizano wabungwe lazachuma, zachuma, komanso ndale.
Kuphatikiza apo, m'bungwe loyendetsedwa ndi boma lotchedwa Church of England, ansembe, mabishopu, ndi atsogoleri ena achipembedzo anali ndi gawo lofunikira povomereza ukwati.
Potsirizira pake, mphamvu ya tchalitchichi idasokonekera ndikupanga malamulo adziko lapansi okhudzana ndi chilolezo chokwatirana.
Pomwe ndikupanga ndalama zochuluka kuboma, ziphasozi zidathandizanso ma boma kuti azitha kupanga zowerengera zolondola. Masiku ano, zolemba zaukwati zili m'gulu la ziwerengero zofunikira zomwe mayiko otukuka akuchita.
Kufika kwa Kufalitsa kwa Mabanns
Pamene Tchalitchi cha England chidakulitsa ndikukhazikitsa mphamvu zake mdziko lonselo komanso madera ake olimba ku America, mipingo yolowera kumayiko ena idatsata malayisensi omwe amachitika m'matchalitchi ndi makhothi ku England.
M'magawo aboma komanso ampingo, "Kufalitsa Zoletsa" zidakhala ngati chikwati chovomerezeka chaukwati. The Publication of Banns inali njira yotsika mtengo kuposa chiphaso chokwera mtengo kwambiri chokwatirana.
Zowonadi, Library ya State ya Virginia ili ndi zikalata zomwe zimafotokoza zoletsa ngati chidziwitso chofalitsidwa kwambiri pagulu.
Zikwangwani zinagawidwa pakamwa pakatikati pa tawuni kapena kusindikizidwa m'mabuku a tawuni kwa milungu itatu yotsatizana ukwati utatha.
Nkhope ya tsankho ku South South
Amadziwika kuti mu 1741 dziko la North Carolina lidalamulira maukwati. Panthawiyo, nkhawa yayikulu inali maukwati amitundu.
North Carolina idafuna kuletsa maukwati amitundu ina popereka ziphaso kwa omwe akuwoneka kuti ndi ovomerezeka kukwatirana.
Pofika zaka za m'ma 1920, mayiko opitilira 38 ku US anali atapanga mfundo zofananira ndi malamulo olimbikitsa ndi kusunga ukhondo pakati pa mitundu.
Pamwamba pa phiri m'chigawo cha Virginia, Racial Integrity Act (RIA) yaboma - yomwe idaperekedwa mu 1924 idapangitsa kuti anthu amitundu iwiri azikwatirana. Chodabwitsa, RIA inali m'mabuku ku Virginia Law mpaka 1967.
Pakati pa nthawi yosintha mitundu, Khothi Lalikulu ku U.S.
Kukwera kwa Ulamuliro Woyendetsa Boma
Zaka za zana la 18 zisanachitike, maukwati ku United States adakhalabe udindo woyamba wa mipingo yakomweko. Layisensi yakukwatiwa itaperekedwa ndi tchalitchi itasainidwa ndi wogulitsa, idalembetsedwa kuboma.
Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, mayiko osiyanasiyana adayamba kukwatira maukwati wamba. Pomaliza, mayikowo adaganiza zoyesa kuwalamulira omwe angaloledwe kukwatira m'malire a boma.
Monga tanenera poyamba, boma lidafuna kuwongolera ziphaso zaukwati kuti apange chidziwitso chofunikira cha ziwerengero. Kupitilira apo, kupereka kwa ziphaso kumapereka chiwongola dzanja chofananira.
Maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Kuyambira Juni 2016, United States idavomereza mgwirizano wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ili ndiye dziko latsopano lolimba mtima la chilolezo chokwatirana.
Zowonadi, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha kupita kubwalo lamilandu lililonse ndikulandila chilolezo choti mgwirizano wawo uzindikiridwe ndi mayiko.
Ngakhale chigamulo cha Khothi Lalikulu pankhaniyi sichikukangana ndi matchalitchi, ndiye lamulo ladziko.
Mawu onena za kuwukira kwa layisensi
M'zaka za m'ma 1960, abwenzi ambiri adanyoza maboma pokana kwathunthu lingaliro la chiphaso chokwatirana. M'malo mokhala ndi ziphaso, maanjawa amangokhala limodzi.
Pokana lingaliro loti "chidutswa cha pepala" chimafotokoza kuyenera kwa chibwenzi, maanja amangopitilira kukhalira limodzi ndi kubereka popanda chikalata chomangiriza pakati pawo.
Ngakhale masiku ano, akhristu ambiri osakhulupirika amalola otsatira awo kukhala ndi ufulu wokwatirana popanda chilolezo chololezedwa ndi boma.
Bwana wina, mtumiki, dzina lake Matt Trewhella, salola anthu amtchalitchi cha Mercy Seat Christian Church ku Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, kuti akwatire atapereka chiphaso.
Maganizo omaliza
Ngakhale zakhala zikuchuluka ndikumverera kwa ziphaso zaukwati pazaka zambiri, zikuwonekeratu kuti zolembedwazo zikhala pano.
Sichikugwirizananso ndikusinthana kwa katundu ndi ntchito pakati pa mabanja, laisensiyo imakhudza zachuma ukwati ukatha.
M'mayiko ambiri, Anthu okwatirana omwe ali ndi chilolezo chololeza ayenera kugawana nawo chimodzimodzi zomwe adapeza kudzera muukwati atha kusankha kuthetsa ukwati.
Mfundo yake ndi iyi: Ndalama ndi katundu amene amapezeka muukwati ziyenera kugawidwa mofanana pakati pa onse omwe adasankha kukhala "thupi limodzi" koyambirira kwa mgwirizano wodalitsika. Ndizomveka, simukuganiza?
Khalani othokoza chifukwa chololeza ukwati, abwenzi. Amapereka kuvomerezeka ku mgwirizano ngati pangakhale mavuto ena panjira. Komanso, ziphaso zimathandizira kuti mayiko azitha kuwerengera bwino anthu awo komanso momwe zinthu zilili pamoyo wawo.